What is Dengue Fever?
Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, easily recognizable by its distinctive black and white stripes. Present in more than 100 tropical and subtropical countries, it affects between 100 and 400 million people worldwide each year according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
In the Caribbean, dengue is endemic across virtually all islands: Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, and many others. Outbreaks typically occur during the rainy season, between June and November, when mosquito breeding conditions are optimal.
The Four Serotypes: Why Dengue Can Strike Twice
The dengue virus exists in four distinct serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4). Infection with one serotype confers lasting immunity against that specific serotype, but only partial and temporary immunity against the other three. Even worse, a second infection with a different serotype significantly increases the risk of severe dengue, a potentially fatal form of the disease.
Recognizing the Symptoms
Dengue typically manifests 4 to 10 days after the infective bite. Classic symptoms include:
- High fever (39–40°C / 102–104°F), with sudden onset
- Intense muscle and joint pain, which gave rise to the historical nickname "breakbone fever"
- Severe headaches, often localized behind the eyes
- Skin rash appearing 2 to 5 days after the onset of fever
- Nausea and vomiting
- Intense fatigue that can persist for several weeks
Warning Signs to Watch For
Certain signs require urgent medical attention:
- Intense abdominal pain
- Persistent vomiting
- Bleeding from the gums or nose
- Blood in urine or stools
- Breathing difficulties
- Unusual agitation or excessive drowsiness
Prevention: Essential Measures
There is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue. Prevention therefore remains the best weapon. Here are the measures you must adopt:
Personal Protection
- Apply a skin repellent containing DEET (30–50%), icaridin, or IR3535 to all exposed areas, reapplying every 4 to 6 hours
- Wear covering clothing (long sleeves, trousers), preferably in light colors
- Use permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets, especially for children and infants
- Sleep in air-conditioned rooms or rooms with mosquito screens on windows
Eliminating Breeding Sites
The Aedes aegypti mosquito breeds in stagnant water, even in very small quantities. It is essential to:
- Regularly empty flower pot saucers, buckets, and used tires
- Tightly cover water storage containers
- Change the water in vases at least twice a week
Treatment and Care
In the absence of antiviral treatment, management is symptomatic:
- Rest and abundant hydration
- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for fever and pain — aspirin and ibuprofen are strictly contraindicated as they increase the risk of bleeding
- Close medical monitoring, especially in the 24 to 48 hours following the disappearance of fever
A dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia) exists, but it is reserved for people who have already had a confirmed dengue infection. It is not recommended for dengue-naïve travelers.
Key Takeaways
Dengue is a serious but preventable disease. By adopting the right protective measures and remaining vigilant about symptoms, you can enjoy your Caribbean stay with complete peace of mind. If in doubt, consult a doctor without delay.